Humid and wet meadows of sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by or rich in Juncus filiformis, or, in Iceland, Juncus balticus (Juncus arcticus), often accompanied by Carex nigra, Carex echinata, Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta, mostly developed on lime-poor soils, of strong boreal affinities, most characteristic of Fennoscandia, Iceland, the northern Germano-Baltic plain and the neighbouring Hercynian ranges, rare farther south, limited to small surfaces in cold-pocket areas of the greater Hercynian ranges and the pre-Alps.