Forests of Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus betulus, and, locally, Carpinus orientalis, occupying the lower supra-Mediterranean (100-500 metres) level of the central and northern Apennines, the Ligurian ranges and the Alpine foothills of Italy, with local impoverished irradiations to the upper supra-Mediterranean level on calcareous soils.