Woods of Western Europe and northern and central Central Europe, north to southern Denmark, Bornholm and southeastern Sweden, within the range of the Fagion medio-europaeum and the Carpinion betuli, dominated by Carpinus betulus, alone or with a small admixture of other species, uncommon, generally low, habitually secondary. Scandinavian stands, characteristic of diabases, basalts and greenstones, often dominated by tall Carpinus betulus, have a field layer dominated by abundant Anemone nemorosa, Stellaria nemorum and Hedera helix.