Fragmentary mesophile or meso-hygrophile formations of the Insubrian pre-Alps, the northern Apennines, the Ligurian Apennines, the Esterel and the Tanneron and very locally, the southern French Alps (forˆt du Saou, Dr“me), with Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia platyphyllos, Tilia cordata and Carpinus betulus, developed on deep soils in conditions of sufficient atmospheric and edaphic humidity. They represent a transition between the medio-European formations of the Pulmonario-Carpinenion and Galio-Carpinenion on the one hand, the southeastern formations of the Carpinion illyricum, and perhaps the southwestern formations of the Polysticho-Corylenion, on the other hand.