Forests dominated by Quercus robur, or, in parts of the Pyrenees and in the Oro-Cantabrian interior, Quercus petraea, with Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia platyphyllos, Corylus avellana, Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus avium, Ulmus glabra, many shrubs and lianas, abundant Hedera helix, many ferns, such as Polystichum setiferum, Dryopteris affinis, Dryopteris dilatata, Asplenium scolopendrium, and with Arum italicum, Veronica montana, Hypericum androsaemum, Primula vulgaris, Pulmonaria longifolia, Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis, Isopyrum thalictroides, Ajuga reptans, Carex sylvatica, Bromus racemosus, Melica uniflora, of the collinar, submontane and, in a somewhat impoverished form with Crataegus laevigata, montane levels of the piedmont of the Cordillera Cantabrica, in Navarra, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya, Cantabria, Asturias and Castilla-Leon, as well as of the submontane level of the northern slope, and locally in Navarra and Catalonia, the southern slope of the Pyrenees.