Spruce forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, of the mid-Pannonic hills, of the outer Western and Northern Carpathians, of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux, of the Jura system and of the Hercynian arc dominated by Picea abies with a varying admixture of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica or both. They include spruce or fir-spruce forests and spruce-dominated facies of montane or submontane beech-fir forests.