Abies alba and Abies alba-Picea abies forests developed on calcareous soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian ranges.
Calcicolous Abies alba and Abies alba-Picea abies forests of the intermediate Alps, with Carex alba, Polygala chamaebuxus, Hepatica triloba, Calamagrostis varia.