Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the northern, western, southwestern and southern outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by Abies alba accompanied to a varying extent by Picea abies and with a species cortège composed by elements of the Fagetalia and of the Piceetalia.