Pre- and post-forest formations, mostly deciduous, of Atlantic or medio-European affinities, characteristic of the deciduous forest zone, but also colonizing cool, moist or disturbed stations of the Mediterranean evergreen forest zone.
Thickets of Rubus spp., Frangula alnus, Sorbus aucuparia, Corylus avellana, Lonicera periclymenum, Cytisus scoparius, characteristic of forest edges, hedges and (mostly Quercion) woodland recolonization developed on soils relatively poor in nutrients, usually acid, mostly under climates with strong Atlantic influence.