Springs and resurgences, together with animal and plant communities dependent on the peculiar microclimatic and hydrological situation created by them. Excludes vegetated spring mires (D2.2, D4.1), where springs emerge through a (usually small) expanse of vegetation with little or no open water.
Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by Berula erecta (Sium erectum), Mentha aquatica f. submersa, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Potamogeton natans, Groenlandia densa, Ranunculus peltatus, Ranunculus penicillatus, Ranunculus trichophyllus, Ranunculus fluitans, Ranunculus aquatilis, Callitriche truncata, Callitriche stagnalis, Nymphaea alba, Myriophyllum spicatum.