Springs and resurgences, together with animal and plant communities dependent on the peculiar microclimatic and hydrological situation created by them. Excludes vegetated spring mires (D2.2, D4.1), where springs emerge through a (usually small) expanse of vegetation with little or no open water.
Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by Ranunculus fluitans, Ranunculus circinatus, Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis, Potamogeton nodosus, Potamogeton lucens, Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton crispus, Sparganium emersum, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Callitriche obtusangula, Nuphar lutea and the moss Fontinalis antipyretica.