Often varied forests of the supra-Mediterranean (mostly lower supra-Mediterranean), and occasionally meso- or thermo-Mediterranean, levels of Greece, Italy, Dalmatia, the Black Sea coasts and western Asia, in which Quercus pubescens or its allies are the dominant deciduous oaks, usually associated with Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus and other species; white oak (Quercus pubescens, Quercus virgiliana)-dominated woods, with an Ostryo-Carpinion or Orno-Cotinion cortège, of thermic sub-Mediterranean enclaves within the sub-continental Quercion frainetto and Carpinion illyricum zones of the Balkan peninsula, Pannonia and the southern Carpathians.