Forests dominated by beech Fagus sylvatica in western and central Europe, and Fagus orientalis and other Fagus species in southeastern Europe and the Pontic region. Many montane formations are mixed beech-fir or beech-fir-spruce forests, which are listed under G4.6
Fagus sylvatica and, in higher mountains, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba or Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba-Picea abies forests developed on acid soils of the medio-European domaine of central and northern Central Europe, with Luzula luzuloides, Polytrichum formosum and often Deschampsia flexuosa, Calamagrostis villosa, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum and other species from sub-alliance Luzulo-Fagenion.