Mostly subalpine forests of the Alps, the Jura, the Pyrenees and the Iberian Range, dominated by Pinus uncinata, usually open and with a very developed shrubby understory.
Pinus uncinata forests of the inner Alps, of the western outer Alps and the Jura, and of Pyrenean sunny slopes (adrets), accompanied by a shrubby undergrowth in which Rhododendron ferrugineum is absent or rare, while Juniperus nana, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Erica herbacea, Rhododendron hirsutum, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Daphne striata, Dryas octopetala or Polygala chamaebuxus may be prominent.