Closed grasslands of deep, acid soils of the Alps, Pyrenees, northern Apennines, Jura and higher Hercynian ranges, developed mostly and abundantly in the subalpine level, dominated or co-dominated by Nardus stricta, Festuca eskia, F. nigrescens, F. rubra, Alopecurus gerardii, Bellardiochloa (Poa) violacea, Carex sempervirens, Anthoxanthum odoratum.
Subalpine and lower alpine closed mesophile Festuca eskia grasslands of north-facing slopes (ubacs) and depressions in the Pyrenees with Arnica montana, Ranunculus pyrenaeus, Selinum pyrenaeum, Trifolium alpinum, Campanula barbata, Gentiana punctata, Leucorchis albida, Phyteuma betonicifolium.